Metodologia e modello teorico di riferimento

Sono stati adottati specifici modelli teorici di riferimento per le proposte di didattica museale e di educazione ambientale. Riportiamo alcuni riferimenti bibliografici:

NARDI E. (a cura di),  1995 - Imparare al museo. Percorsi di didattica museale. Atti dell’incontro di studio, Roma 23-24 marzo 1995. Tecnodid ed, Napoli.

ANTINORI F.,  1991 - La lezione pedagogica della scienza. Franco Angeli ed., Milano.

BARTOLI G., GIANNINI A.M., BONAIUTO P., 1996 - Funzioni della percezione nell’ambito del museo. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.

BOSCOLO P., 1997 - Psicologia dell’apprendimento scolastico. Aspetti cognitivi e motivazionali. UTET, Torino.

CARUSO F., 1987 - Educazione ambientale. Zanichelli, Bologna.

CECCONI L., OLMETTI PEJA D., 1996 - Gli strumenti dell’intervento didattico. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.

DE ANGELIS C., 1988 - Educazione ambientale. Tecnidid, Napoli.

LOVELOCK J.E., 1981 - Gaia. Nuove idee sull'ecologia. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.

MARCHI TREVISI C. (a cura di), 1994 - Educazione ambientale e area di progetto. I.R.R.S.A.E.- E.R.

SEMERARO R., 1988 - Educazione ambientale, ecologia, istruzione. Franco Angeli, Milano.

TOMASUCCI FONTANA L., 1997 - Far lezione. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.

TORNAR C., 1996 – Procedure e tecniche del processo didattico. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.

VARELE F., MATURANA M., 1987 - L'albero della conoscenza. Garzanti, Milano.

VERTECCHI B., 1990 – Interpretazioni della didattica. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.

WHITEHEAD E.H., RIZZOLI N., 1988 - Ecologia pratica per l'educazione ambientale. Edagricole. Bologna. 

Gli approcci metodologici prevalentemente utilizzati sono: percorsi sensoriali, didattica attiva (lezioni interattive in museo, laboratori di indagine sperimentale), stimolazione alla programmazione della sperimentazione (per la scuola media), utilizzo e costruzione di mappe concettuali. Per ogni fascia d’età sono previsti diversi livelli di lettura e interpretazione, approfondimento, analisi.

STUDI SUI PUBBLICI DEI MUSEI

GENERALE

· Légaré, B., Beaulac, M., Colbert, F., and Duhaime, C. (1991). Le marketing en milieu muséal: une bibliographie analytique et sélective, Montréal, École des Hautes Études Commerciales.

· Rubenstein, R., Roos Pavlik, K. (1986). An Introduction to the Literature on Museums and Marketing, in Muse 4(2), pp. 47-50.

· Samson, D., and Schiele, B., with Di Campo, P. (1989). L'Évaluation Muséale Publics et Expositions, Bibliographie Raisonnée, Paris, Expo Media.

· Screven, C.G. (1993). Visitor Studies Bibliography and Abstracts, third edition. Shorewood, WI:Exhibit Communications Research, Inc., ILVS.

· Schafer, D.P. and Humphries, J. A Bibliography of Canadian Readings in Arts and Heritage Administration and Policy. Centre for Cultural Management, University of Waterloo.

MANUALI

· Falk, J. and Dierking, L. (1992). The Museum Experience, Washington:Whalesback Books.

· Loomis, R.J. (1987). Museum Visitor Evaluation: New Tool for Management, Nashville, American Association for State and Local History.

PERIODICI

· Bitgood, S., (1986). Visitor Behavior: A Publication for Exhibition-Type Facilities, Jacksonville, Center for Social Design.

· Bitgood, S., et al, (1988). Visitor Studies: Theory, research, and practice. Proceedings of the Annual Visitor Studies Conference, Jacksonville:Center for Social Design, Atti pubblicati annualmente dopo il 1988.

· Screven, C.G, Shettel, H.H., ILVS Review: A Journal of Visitor Behavior, Milwaukee, ILVS.

· Statistics Canada, La culture en perspective, Bollettino trimestrale.

· Williams, R. Rubenstein, R. (1994). "Visitor Studies: Committed to Change", in Muse, XII, 1, pp.41-45.

· Williams, R. & Rubenstein, R. (1993). "Canada: No going back.", in Museum International, 178, 65 (2), pp. 20-25.

· Bicknell, S., Farmelo, G., ed. (1993). Museum Visitor Studies in the 90s, London, Science Museum.

· Bitgood, S., Loomis, Ross J. (1993). "Environmental Design and Evaluation in Museums", in Environment and Behavior, 25, 6.

· Screven, C.G. (1993). Museum International, 178, 65 (2).

· Cameron, Duncan F. (1967). "How Do We Know What Our Visitors Think?", Museum News, 45 (7), pp. 31-33.

· Cameron, Duncan F., Abbey, D.S. (1961). "Museum Audience Research.", in Museum News, 40 (2), pp. 34-38.

· Hood, M.G. (1986). "Getting Started in Audience Research.", in Museums News, 64 (3), pp. 24-31.

· Lewis, B.N. and Alt, M.B. (1988). "Evaluation: its nature, limitations and dangers.", Chapter 15, in R.S. Miles et al., The Design of Educational Exhibits, London, Allen & Unwin.

· Loomis, R.J. (1988). "The Countenance of Visitor Studies in the 1980's.", in S. Bitgood, J. Roper, & A. Benefield, Visitor Studies - 1988: Theory research, and practice. Proceedings of the First Annual Visitor Studies Conference, Jacksonville, Center for Social Design, pp. 12-24.

· Loomis, R.J. (1987). "Museum Visitor Evaluation: new tool for management", in Understanding Museum Visitors: Evaluation and Management, Nashville, American Association for State and Local History.

· Rubenstein, R. (1993). Professional Issues in Museum Evaluation In S. Bicknell and G. Farmello, Museum visitor studies in the 90s, London, Science Museum, pp. 153-156.

· Samson, D. and Schiele, B. (1989). "L'évaluation: perspectives historiques 1900-1970", in B. Schiele, Faire voir, Faire savoir la muséologie scientifique au présent, Québec, Musée de la civilisation, pp. 107-127.

METODOLOGIA DELLA RICERCA

· Alt, M.B., "Designing and Carrying Out the Evaluation Study", in Miles, R.S., Alt, M.B., Gosling, D.C., Lewis, B.N., & Tout, A.F. (1988). The Design of Educational Exhibits, London, Allen & Unwin.

· Bitgood, S. (1988). "The Methodology of Visitor Studies", in Visitor Behavior, 3(3).

· Rubenstein, R. (1988). "The Use of Focus Groups in Audience Research", in S. Bitgood, J. Roper, & A. Benefield, Visitor studies - 1988: Theory, research, and practice. Proceedings of the First Annual Visitor Studies Conference, Jacksonville, Center for Social Design, pp.180-188.

· Rubenstein, R. (1989). "Bridging the Applicability Gap between Research and Planning", in S. Bitgood, A. Benefield, & D. Patterson, Proceedings of the 1989 Visitor Studies Conference, Jacksonville, Center for Social Design, pp. 46-55.

· Rubenstein, R. (1990). "Focus on Focus Groups", in ASTC Newsletter, July/August, pp. 7-8.

· The J. Paul Getty Trust. (1991). Insights: Museums, Visitors, Attitudes, Expectations: A Focus Group Experiment, Los Angeles.

· Wolf, R.L. (1980). "A Naturalistic View of Evaluation", in Museum News, 58 (6), pp. 39-45.

INDAGINI SUL VISITATORE

· Korn, R., Sowd, L. (1990). Visitor Surveys: A User's Manual, Technical Information Service, Resource Report, American Association of Museums.

· Loomis, R. (1973). "Please! Not another Visitor Survey!", in Museum News, 52 (2), pp. 21-26.

· Loomis, R.J. (1987). "Museum Visitor Evaluation: new tool for management", in The Visitor Survey, Nashville, American Association for State and Local History, pp. 65-116.

· National Endowment of the Arts (1985). Surveying Your Arts Audience, Research Division Manual.

· Decima Research et LES CONSULTANTS CULTUR'INC INC. (1992). Profil des Canadiens consommateurs d'art 1990-1991 et Profil des Canadiens consommateurs d'art, Mise à jour 1993-94 par Decima Research pour la Politique des arts, ministère du Patrimoine canadien.

· Dixon, B., Courtney, A.E. et Bailey, R.H. (1974). Le Musée et le public canadien. Publié pour la Direction Arts et Culture, Secrétariat d'État, Gouvernement du Canada, par Éditions Culturan.

STUDI INTERNAZIONALI

· DiMaggio, Paul, Michael Useem and Paula Brown (1978). Audience Studies of the Performing Arts and Museums: A Critical Review, Research Division Report no. 9, Washington, The National Endowment for the Arts, November 1978.

· Australia Council for the Arts, The Reluctant Museum Visitor. A Study of Non-goers to History Museums and Art Galleries.

INDAGINI ISTITUZIONALI

· Allaire, A. (1995). Bilan de cinq années d'enquêtes statistiques auprès des visiteurs du Musée de la civilisation, Symposium Franco-Canadien sur l'Évaluation Des Musées. Document 21, Service de la recherche et de l'évaluation, Musée de la civilisation, Québec, March, 1995.

· Alt, M.B. (1980) "Four Years of Visitor Surveys at the British Museum (Natural History) 1976-79", in Museums Journal, 80, 1, pp. 10-19.

· Abbey, D.S. and Cameron D.F. (1959). The Museum Visitor: I-Survey design-1959, Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

· Abbey, D. S. and Cameron, D.F. (1961). The Museum Visitor: III-Supplementary Studies-1961, Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

· Cameron, D.F. and Abbey, D.S. (1960). The Museum Visitor: II-Survey Results-1960, Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

· Hood, M.G. (1988). "Arboretum visitor profiles as defined by the Four Seasons", in Proceedings of the First Annual Visitor Studies Conference, Jacksonville, Centre for Social Design. pp. 84-100.

· Landry, J. (1995). "The Biodome and its Audiences...Or Audiences and Their Biodome?", in Museums: Where Knowledge is Shared, Société des musées québécois and Musée de la civilsation, ed. Coté, Michel et Viel, Annette.

· Rubenstein, R., Munro, L. and Black, K. (1993). "Strategies for Audience Development", in Visitor Studies: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, pp.143-152.

PiANIFICAZIONE E MARKETING

· Cave, J. (1989). "Audience Research to Design and Plan a Children's Museum. We Kids Need a Place to Find Out About Things", in Visitor Behavior, 4, 1, pp. 5-6.

· Cheney, T. (1992) "The Visitor Rainbow", in Visitor Studies: Theory, Research, and Practice 4.

· Hood, M.G. (1983). "Staying Away, Why People Choose Not to Visit Museums", in Museum News, 61, 4, pp. 50-57.

· Hood, M.G. (1990). "Identifying and Serving New Museum Audiences", in ASTC Newsletter, May/June, pp. 7-8.

· Hood, M.G. (1993). "After 70 years of Audience Research, What have we Learned? Who Comes to Museums, Who Does Not, and Why?", in Visitor Studies: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, pp. 16-27.

· Hood, M.G. (1993). "Comfort and Caring, two essential environmental factors", in Environment and Behavior, 25, 6, pp.710-724.

· Kelly, R.F. (1987). "Museums as Status Symbols II: Attaining a State of Having Been", in Advances in Non-Profit Marketing, Greenwich, JAI Press, 2, pp. 1-38.

· Loomis, R.J. (1987). "Museum Visitor Evaluation: new tool for management", in The Identity of Museums: Evaluation, Marketing, and Audience Development, Nashville, American Association for State and Local History, pp. 117-156.

· McManus, P. (1994). "Families in Museums", in Towards the Museum of the Future: New European Perspectives, London, Routledge.

· Miles, R.S. (1986). "Museum Audiences", in The International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship, 5, pp. 73-80.

· Nedzela, M., Lane, D. (1990). "Modeling Museum Attendance", in Curator, 33, 3, pp.180-194.

· Robbins, J., Robbins, S. (1980). "Museum Marketing: Identification of High, Moderate, and Low Attendee Segments", in Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 9, 1, pp. 66-76.

· Dixon, B., Courtney, A.E., Bailey, R.H. (1974). Le Musée et le public canadien, Publié pour la Direction Arts et Culture, Secrétariat d'État, Gouvernement du Canada, par Éditions Culturan.

PROSPETTIVE STORICHE

· Abbey, D.S. and Cameron D.F. (1959). The Museum Visitor: I-Survey design-1959, Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

· Abbey, D. S. and Cameron, D.F. (1961). The Museum Visitor: III-Supplementary Studies-1961, Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

· Cameron, D.F. and Abbey, D.S. (1960). The Museum Visitor: II-Survey Results-1960, Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

· Cheney, T.J. (1991). The Ontario Museum Visitor 1991, prepared for the Department of Canadian Heritage.

· Ernst & Young (1990). Summary of The First Year of Research, (1991) Summary of the Second Year of Research, and (1993) Summary Report. Reports for Audience Research Consortium: Art Gallery of Ontario, Royal Ontario Museum, Ontario Science Centre, Metropolitan Toronto Zoo.

· Nedzela, M., Lane, D., Alvo, M. (1987). Modèle de fréquentation des musées, Ottawa, Services à la corporation, Musées nationaux du Canada.

· Hushion, N.L. and Associates, Heath Consultants, et Angus Reid Group. (1994). Mapping a Future, Report for Ontario Association of Art Galleries.

· Department of Tourism (1993). Yukon Historical & Museums Association, 1993, Summer Visitor Survey, Preliminary Analysis.

· Allaire, A. (1990). Profil des visiteurs du musée de la civilisation, quatre mois après l'ouverture, Québec, Musée de la civilisation.

· Tousignant, L. (1995). National Gallery of Canada Summer 1994, Survey préparé pour le Musée des beaux-arts du Canada par Services des visiteurs.

· Simpson, S. Customer, Satisfaction Surveys at the Glenbow Museum Art Gallery Library Archives.

· Ekos Research Associates Inc. (1992). Final Methodology Report for the National On-Site Pilot Survey of Museum Visitors for Small- and Medium-Sized Facilities, Ottawa, Department of Communications.

· Rubenstein, R., Munro, L. (1991). Toronto Historical Board, Audience Development Project, Toronto Historical Board.